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This research work was carried out to evaluate the quality of water from two spring sources in Amurri Community in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. Water samples were obtained from Umu and Ogba springs in dry and rainy seasons, and analysis carried out to estimate physico-chemical and bacteriological indices using standard procedures. Analytical results for both seasons indicated that values for pH, total hardness and total dissolved solids were within World Health Organization (WHO) limits and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommendations. Values obtained for iron (Fe) in both dry and rainy seasons (0.90 and 0.80mg/L respectively) in Ogba spring water samples were higher than WHO recommended limit of 0.3mg/L. Fluoride, Cadmium and Nitrate were not detected in any of the water samples in both seasons. Total coliform count in dry and rainy seasons for Umu (9.00 and 140.00 CFU/100ml) and Ogba (10.00 and 150.00 CFU/100ml) spring water sources exceeded the WHO recommended value of 0.00 CFU/100ml; Escherichia coli was not detected in both spring water samples in dry and rainy seasons. Findings from this study indicate that while results for most of the physico-chemical parameters were within regulatory limits, iron (Fe) in Ogba spring water samples, and total coliform count in both Umu and Ogba exceeded WHO recommended threshold. It is therefore recommended that treatment and disinfection of water from springs in the study area should precede consumption.

This experiment was conducted at a private vineyard called El-Wafrah Farm on a desert road to the El-Minya Governorate, Samalout Centre, Egypt. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment (MAXGROW device 4 inches) on the salinization of underground wells in Minya, Egypt, by studying the effect of ultrasound on some physical and chemical properties of irrigation water, and following up on the impact of the treatment process on the chemical properties of the soil at intervals of the treatment process. The results were compared with those of soil irrigated with untreated water. Soil samples were collected from representative areas irrigated with two water sources (well water treated with ultrasound and untreated water). At El- Wafrah Farm, three soil profiles were dug to a depth of 90 cm, and soil samples were collected from successive depths (0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm). The effect of saline water treated by the system on soil properties was adverse compared to the non-treated water qualities used in the study. Concerning the impact of the ultrasonic device on soil chemical properties, the results indicated that soil salinity decreased after using the US device compared to normal groundwater. Soil salinity decreased from 1.50 dsm-1 to 0.9 dsm-1 after 45 days; besides, the pH values of the soil were reduced from 8.52 to 7.6 before and after ultrasonic treatment.

During the year 2023-24, an in-depth field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute (AMRI) in Multan, Punjab province, to explore comprehensively the effect of pruning level on grain yield, Biomass Production, Water use Efficiency and other characteristics contributing to yield of wheat crop. This experiment involved a careful comparison of the performance of various wheat pruning managements, ranging from light pruning, no pruning, moderate, heavy and very heavy pruning. The results revealed significant data: a maximum plant height reaching 96.42 cm, an impressive number of effective tillers per meter of row, estimated at 95.75, a remarkable spike length of 8.89 cm, as well as an exceptional grain yield of 3456.76 kg/ha. Additionally, straw yield was recorded at a high level of 5114.23 kg/ha. Crucially, water use efficiency was calculated at 0.43 kg/cm3, demonstrating optimized management of this essential resource. Among the different pruning managements tested, ultra-heavy pruning, with an 80% reduction in vegetation, emerged as the most favourable treatment, generating significantly better results than those obtained with light or moderate pruning. These results provide appreciated insights for agronomic practices and increasing production in the wheat sector, including importance of appropriate pruning management for maximum production.

The determination of groundwater flow direction is essential in flood and groundwater contamination control. This study aimed at determining the groundwater flow direction in the study area to infer possible areas of further spread of contaminants and identify areas that might be prone to flooding shortly. Fifty (50) hand-dug wells were sampled with the aid of a long tape (200/60m) and a global positioning system (GPS) to determine their hydraulic heads, while topography and groundwater flow direction maps of the study area were generated using surfer 13 and groundwater modeling software, respectively. The result revealed that the hydraulic heads and static water level (SWL) values range from 0.63-27.15 m and 1.15–4.88 m, respectively, while the elevation values range from 5–30 m. The study area is characterized by undulating and relatively flat terrain in different parts of the area, while the groundwater flow direction depicts a non-uniform directional flow of groundwater in the study area. This suggests that the groundwater contamination discovered in the area might soon spread to contaminate their nearby environs if not promptly and urgently controlled. It is hereby recommended that every anthropogenic activity, such as abattoirs, mechanic workshops, dumpsites, etc., that can increase the rate of groundwater contamination in the study area be restricted to the north-eastern, eastern, and southeastern parts due to their low hydraulic heads.

The estimation of surface runoff and discharge peak using the Snyder’s model and SCS Dimensionless UH (SCS-DUH) method are one of the best alternatives solutions appropriate for analyzing the hydrologic systems in the ungauged watersheds. These two methods were applied to estimate the discharge peak and design their hydrographs in the drainage basins of Royal Nature Reserve (Imam Turki Bin Abdullah) in Saudi Arabia. To estimate the discharge peak by applying Snyder’s model and SCS-DUH method using the morphometric parameters deriving from the SRTM DEM30m and three rainstorms of 40, 50 and 60mm. The estimation of discharge peak (Qp) using Snyder’s model was depended on the SRTM DEM30m outputs and the hydrology parameters of the duration (Td) of Unit Hydrograph (UH), time to peak (Tp), time base of the UH (Tb), UH width at 50% and 75% of the peak discharge. However, the estimation of the discharge peak by The SCS-DUH method was computed using the drainage area (A), the direct runoff (Qd) and the time to peak (Tp). The direct runoff was determined by the runoff ratio 0.20 of the unimproved areas, proposed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). But, the time to peak was computed using the average of the concentration time obtained from Johnstone-Cross and Dooge models. The hydrographs design was done by the time ratio method recommended by the SCS. The estimated discharge peak computed by Snyder’s model varies with a maximum of 93.4 to 2092.9 m3/s, an average of 61.1 to 1368.4 m3/s and a minimum of 28.7 to 644.0 m3/s in Al Shuwaiki and Khtal watersheds, respectively. The estimated discharge peak computed by SCS-DUH method was ranged from 21.5 to 482.3 m3/s for the rainstorm of 40mm in Al Suwayki and Khtal, respectively, from 28.5 to 602.9 m3/s for the rainstorm of 50mm and from 34.1 to 723.5 m3/s for the rainstorm of 60mm, in Um Nqy and Khtal, respectively. The hydrology study of ungauged basins in Royal Nature Reserve (ITBA) shows the great potential of the integrated employment of GIS technics and the hydrology models to estimate the discharge peak and design their hydrographs.

This paper investigates the complex relationship between apparent resistivity and electrode separation, revealing key underlying features. The research uses a range of field curve types to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse data from Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The study is divided into two sections: a qualitative interpretation section and a quantitative interpretation section, the latter of which focuses on the dynamics of aquifer potential in the Warri South region. Understanding the link between apparent resistivity and electrode separation is essential for hydro-geoelectric research. To increase the reliability of the results, curve matching, sophisticated modelling, and geological knowledge are used. Particularly, the predominance of HH curve types, followed by AH, HQ, KH, and KK configurations, provides a complete description of the hydrogeological terrain and a thorough description of subsurface features. To comprehend groundwater flow, distribution, and management, aquifer resistivity, thickness, depth, transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, hydraulic conductance, and transmissivity are all researched. The complex interaction between resistivity levels and different rock types emphasises the dynamic nature of aquifer resistivity and disproves the idea that it has a set range. The patterns in the regional distribution of aquifer resistivity reflect the complexity of subsurface water supply. Aquifer thickness, depth, and transverse resistance, which highlight the complex interaction of geology and aquifer characteristics, are additional factors that aid in understanding hydrogeological processes. The hydrological potential of aquifers is discovered through variables like transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity, indicating the balance between geological characteristics and hydraulic gradients. These discoveries open the door to responsible water resource management and sustainable use by providing insights into the dynamics of hidden aquifers under the Earth’s surface.

Earth temperature ascend because of modern disturbance caused by petroleum products which produce heat entangling gases and cause an unnatural weather change. Rising temperature is disturbing condition for whole globe. Rainfall is the principal source for water and soil moisture within the semi-arid and dry places in the world. Due to temperature shift less rainfall affect agriculture turns into vulnerable and plants faces severe water shortages. So drought is a prime concern in many countries like UAE. Many countries using cloud seeding is a ultimate solution for drought. All around the world generally salts are utilized as cloud seeder. Silver iodide, dry ice, and potassium iodide are the most widely recognized as cloud nuclei. These chemical aerosols in cloud seeding might possibly harm the climate, particularly the plants as well as also adversely effect on human health. Biological ice nuclei are different from these chemicals for the reason that bacteria are more effective ice nuclei than salt particles, because of their sizes and there working temperatures. This study’s goal is to concentrate on the impact of biological aerosol on cloud seeding and the environment. The findings of this study demonstrate that certain P.syringae strains are more suited to survive in conditions that arise at high altitudes and in clouds. P.syringea have own advantages and drawbacks. Bacterial ice nuclei activity cause frost in plants and damage them. Using of pesticides to control the damage of plants by P.syringea adversely affect the climate. Involving genetic adjustment in P.syringea host plants the plants effectively guarded off the bacterial disease with practically no harm to the actual plants or the general climate.

Access to freshwater resources has become more limited. Correspondingly, water monitoring methods in sensitive or critical areas interims of terrestrial water storage are becoming increasingly important. The monitoring of the water storage in this area, using appropriate methods and data sets, is highly effective in preventing possible future water crises. This paper aims to estimate terrestrial water storage of the Abbay river basin with available data and tools where hydro climatological studies are scarce due to limited observation. The data obtained from GLDAS, GRACE and TerraClimate were used for the analysis of terrestrial water storage in the river basin. The result shows that there was a varying trend of terrestrial water storage for the study time. We have observed water shortages during the dry season and surplus water during the wet season. The monitoring of changes in terrestrial water storage is crucial for optimal water resource utilization and our results confirm the major role of such monitoring in decision-making processes and management.

This study examined the impact of community participation on water and sanitation services in the Mantsopa Municipality. Qualitative methods, including interviews with community representatives and municipal officials, were used to gather and analyze data thematically. The results indicated that community involvement can enhance service delivery and improve resident satisfaction. However, the quality of water and sanitation facilities remains a concern due to long-standing maintenance and population growth issues. Barriers to decision-making were identified, including limited funding, public awareness and education, socio-cultural, political and economic constraints which discouraged participation. Collaboration among government agencies, civil society organizations, and local communities is necessary to overcome these systemic barriers. Municipal authorities should consider the cultural, social, political, and economic factors and drivers at play in redesigning the water supply and sanitation systems to accommodate population growth.

Bangladesh is a developing country where contribution of agriculture in national GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is 12.68%. In agricultural sector, about 79% irrigation has been provided by groundwater. The extensive installation of deep tubewells (34,332) and shallow tubewells (1,483,332), in last two decades, helps in maximum utilization of groundwater which is leading Bangladesh to reach near to the self-sufficiency in rice production (35.3 metric tons in 2019). But the continuous production of boro rice in the dry season is a threat for groundwater use efficiency. Again, without sufficient irrigation water, assuring sustainable agriculture is not feasible. This review paper had been prepared on the developing scenario of groundwater and its utilization efficiency, problems in groundwater use and relevant remedies to attain sustainable agriculture in Bangladesh. Due to the over extraction of groundwater, the depth of groundwater table has been declined (15%) miserably. Using redundant amount of irrigation water, conveyance loss (8-40%), arsenic contamination, insufficient recharge of groundwater etc. are the major problems behind inadequate groundwater use efficiency. Using Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) method, reducing conveyance loss, diversifying cropping pattern, reforming national policies etc. are some effective measures to increase groundwater use efficiency required for sustainable agriculture. About 10,000 tk/ha can be saved just by minimizing the cost required to extract excess groundwater for irrigation. In Bangladesh, maximum national policies are focusing exclusively to the resource development rather than the resource management. The awareness can be built through different teaching programs among all the stakeholders. Rather than just imposing restriction on installation of tubewells, more constructive policies have to be announced by the policy makers. Seven different agencies are now working for the management of groundwater in Bangladesh. Besides other technical solutions, there should be a connection between different organizations related to the groundwater management for the effective implementation of their target policies.