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ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ALIAGA USING DEMAND FORECASTING AND EPANET-JS SIMULATION

April 10, 2026 In Uncategorized

1bdwre2026-01-08

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ABSTRACT

ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ALIAGA USING DEMAND FORECASTING AND EPANET-JS SIMULATION

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: PAUL DANIEL CASTELO DE LEON, JOEME CARL DEMEGILLO

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.01.2026.01.08

The recorded households in the Municipality of Aliaga, Nueva Ecija last 2024 were 19,853, with population steadily growing from 63,543 in 2015 to 70,363 in 2020. Water demand in this area also increases as the population grows over time and this raises concerns about the distribution system’s capacity. This study evaluates Aliaga’s water distribution system using demand forecasting and hydraulic simulation with EPANET-JS. In projecting water demand for 2030, 2035 and 2040, historical population and consumption data were used. The water distribution system was modelled using EPANET-JS comprising of 82.83 kilometers of pipes, 881 nodes, and five pumping stations and simulated under current and future demand scenarios. Performance was measured by the nodal pressure, velocity of the flow and headloss against hydraulic criteria. Results show that for the present water connections, 0.23% of nodes fall below minimum pressure and when considering the full household coverage, 39.61% of nodes are below minimum pressure, and by the year 2030 and 2040, this number rises to 53.35% and 62.43% respectively. This is due to the fact that water demand increases from 29.30 Ips (2025) to 135.65 lps (2040). By this time, future demand exceeds the 128.40 lps maximum production of water sources in Aliaga. Flow velocities are tolerable at maximum of 3.4 m/s from 1.74 m/s. In contrast, headloss in pipes outside the parameters increases from 5.33% to 20.54%. Areas served by newer infrastructure maintain adequate performance, but older sections experience deficiencies due to small pipes and insufficient pumping capacity. The study identifies critical improvements: interlooping the distribution system between Brgy. San Carlos and Brgy. Bibiclat with 150mm PVC pipelines, upgrading Pumping Stations 2 and 4, and upsizing transmission lines from 100mm to 150mm in Brgy. San Juan to Brgy. San Felipe and from Brgy. San Pablo to Sto. Tomas. The current infrastructure system is sufficient for the existing connections, but upgrades are needed to maintain reliability in the service area considering the future demands.
Pages 01-08
Year 2026
Issue 1
Volume 7
Posted by aiman
August 4, 2025 In Uncategorized

1bdwre2025-07-18

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ABSTRACT

SPATIOTEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT USING STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX (SPI) AND STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION INDEX (SPEI) IN PAKISTAN

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Hassnain Haider, Muhammad Asad Hussain, Ali Hasan Jaffry, Fakher Abbas, Muhammad Burhan Khalid, Anas Farooq, Iqra Zainab, Muhammad Bilal Zahid

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.01.2025.07.18

Climate change has been intensifying droughts throughout Pakistan’s essential water source region, the Upper Indus River Basin (UIRB). This study evaluates spatiotemporal drought patterns (1982–2014) using SPI and SPEI at 1- to 12-month scales across 11 stations. SPEI demonstrates superior performance over SPI when detecting droughts produced by temperature variations, since it shows better accuracy of 20 to 30%. Results indicate that northern high-altitude regions, including Astore and Dir, experience worsening drought conditions because we use rainfall as precipitation so the regions which have low rainfall are demonstrate drought areas in this study. The Modified Mann-Kendall test shows central and northern parts of UIRB are drying out, as demonstrated by Astore’s SPEI-12 dropping at a rate of −0.35 decade⁻¹. The Modified Mann-Kendall test shows significant drying patterns throughout central/northern UIRB, where Astore experienced SPEI-12 declines equal to -0.35 decade⁻¹. Precipitation prediction achieves better accuracy when using Multivariable Linear Regression instead of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) because its RMSE value is slightly lower, and it reveals that temperature and longitude are vital predictors. The number of drought occurrences from 2001 to 2014 at Mangla Reservoir reached 54 events, while it remained at 9 events from 1982 to 1990. The UIRB remains susceptible to drought conditions caused by rising temperatures, thus requiring SPEI-based monitoring systems to implement adaptive water resource management practices. The framework applies to mountainous basins worldwide when fighting droughts that result from climate change.
Pages 07-18
Year 2025
Issue 1
Volume 6
Posted by Basem
May 8, 2025 In Uncategorized

1bdwre2025-01-06

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APPLICATIONS OF DATA ANALYSIS PRINCIPLES FOR THE PREDICTION OF RESERVOIR QUALITY OF THE ELMA FIELD NIGER DELTA

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Onome O. Okobiebi, Delik Celik, Kenneth Ojeaga

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.01.2025.01.06

This study investigates the application of data analysis on well-log data to ascertain the distribution of potential reservoir sands in the ELMA field Niger Delta. The data used for the analysis consists of the 14 wells that penetrated the ELMA field. The field consists of various lithologies interpreted from the core ranging from channel sands (CH), Lower Shore face (LSF), Upper Shore face (USF), Heterolith (HT) and Shales (SH).These Well data were cleaned and plotted using Python script and analyzed using charts and tables to as certain the percentage distribution of each facies in the field and the overall percentage of viable pay sands in the field. The analysis showed that the distribution of lithologies was 52.74% for SH, 22.69 for USF, 20.70for CH, 2.75 for LSF and 1.11 HT. The overall net pay of the field was 47.3% which points to a high reservoir potential in the field with an accompanying possibility of sealing shale of 52.7%.
Pages 01-06
Year 2025
Issue 1
Volume 6
Posted by Basem
February 12, 2025 In Uncategorized

2bdwre2024-58-62

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ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING METRIC MODEL WITH HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY IN KOREA

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Muhammad Abdullah, Tehmena Rashid

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.02.2024.58.62

One of the most significant elements of the hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration (ET) as it is a functional part of meteorological conditions. The Visualization of Evapotranspiration at high definition with integrated calibrated (METRIC) model is an example of an image-processing tool that involves the utilization of satellite data in order to compute evapotranspiration as a residual to surface energy equilibrium. Therefore, we used the METRIC model to enumerate ET using 30 m high spatial resolution from Landsat 9 scenes for a study period of 2024 over Cheongmicheon flux tower (CFK) site in Korean peninsula. The METRIC estimations were compared with flux tower measurements obtained from a warm continental climate CFK site for the accuracy assessment. The estimated and measured actual evapotranspiration (AET) at daily scale had good agreement with strong coefficient of determination 0.97. In addition, the trend of ET in comparison to the air temperature was also comparable. This evaluation seeks to enhance the understanding of the strength of the model for mapping the energy balance at the regional scale. Additionally, it is a step towards developing a methodology that can be applied to a wide variety of ecosystems that are heterogeneous.
Pages 53-57
Year 2024
Issue 2
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
February 3, 2025 In Uncategorized

2bdwre2024-50-57

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USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AS A HYDROGEOLOGICAL TOOL TO DETERMINE THE AQUIFER CONTINUITY AND LATERAL EXTENT WITHIN DUTSIN-MA BASEMENT COMPLEX

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Ashaka, U. I., Abdullahi Sb., Muhammad, M. A., Ayuba, M. K, Abdulaziz, A

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.02.2024.50.57

This research investigates the aquifer continuity and lateral extent in the Dutsinma Basement Complex using the electrical resistivity method, particularly Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The study aims to delineate aquifer characteristics critical for sustainable groundwater management. Aquifers are vital for water supply, especially in arid regions. Understanding their continuity and extent is essential for effective resource management. This study focuses on the Dutsinma Basement Complex, characterized by geological complexities that affect groundwater. The demand for clean and portable water increases exponentially with increase population and industrialization. Water is therefore a vital resource without which life will become impossible. The methodology adopted used and interpreted 20 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) images obtained using ADMT 300S. The aquifer parameters information estimated from the (VES) were used to produce maps. For effective use of these parameters, iso-thickness and iso -resistivity maps were compared with contour maps of transverse resistance. The agreement between these parameters provided the basis for identification of auriferous zones. The Dutsinma Basement Complex is part of Nigeria’s extensive Basement Complex, characterized by ancient crystalline rocks such as migmatites, gneisses, and schists. These rocks have undergone significant geological processes, including multiple folding and metamorphism, mainly during the Eburnean and Pan-African orogenies. The complex serves as a crucial area for understanding the region’s geological history and structural evolution, providing insights into groundwater flow dynamics. Aquifers within the Dutsinma Basement Complex are vital for local water supply, supporting agriculture and domestic needs. They play a significant role in maintaining ecosystem health by providing water to rivers and wetlands. Understanding aquifer continuity and lateral extent is essential for sustainable management of these resources, especially in areas where groundwater is the primary source of water.
Pages 50-57
Year 2024
Issue 2
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
January 23, 2025 In Uncategorized

2bdwre2024-44-49

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ABSTRACT

DELINEATION OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL UNITS USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING TECHNIQUE IN IYOWA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Ojeaga, Kenneth, Osauzou, Oghenemaro

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.02.2024.44.49

This study employed vertical electrical sounding (VES) to delineate hydrogeological zones in the study area with the overall objective of determining the feasibility of groundwater development in Iyowa, community, Edo State. The study area is part of the Benin formation of the Niger Delta sedimentary Basin. Five VES in Schlumberger array configuration were randomly conducted in the study area. The Petrozenith Terrameter was used to conduct the vertical electrical sounding (VES) with total spread of 800m (AB/2=400). Field data were iterated using the Interpex ID software. The result indicated six (6) geoelectric sections and the main aquiferous units were delineated as unconfined and semi-confined consisting of medium sand grained, and coarse sand grained with resistivities ranging from 516.46-2603 Ωm, thickness 23.49-129.21m and depth ranging from 62.17-206.76m. The sounding curves were HAK, HAQ, AAK, and AKQ types. The recommended drill depth in the study area is 72.30m.
Pages 44-49
Year 2024
Issue 2
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
October 21, 2024 In Uncategorized

1bdwre2024-25-29

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THEORETICAL EXPLORATION OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND SUSTAINABILITY
OUTCOMES IN ADVANCED STORMWATER MANAGEMENT DESIGNS

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Oreoluwa A. Adedapo, Bolarinwa Solanke, Henry Oziegbe Iriogbe, Chukwuemeka Obed Ebeh

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.01.2024.25.29

This paper presents a theoretical exploration of the economic impacts and sustainability outcomes associated with advanced stormwater management designs. By integrating key concepts such as cost-benefit analysis, economic sustainability, and long-term environmental benefits, the study develops a comprehensive framework for evaluating green infrastructure projects’ economic and ecological viability. The analysis highlights the multifaceted advantages of advanced stormwater management, including improved water quality, ecosystem preservation, climate resilience, and enhanced public health. The findings have significant implications for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders, suggesting that green infrastructure should be prioritized in urban development strategies. Furthermore, the paper identifies areas for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical studies on economic benefits, exploration of social equity in stormwater management, and innovation in green infrastructure technologies. This review contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable urban development, offering insights that can guide implementing more resilient and sustainable stormwater management practices.
Pages 25-29
Year 2024
Issue 1
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
October 8, 2024 In Uncategorized

1bdwre2024-20-24

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WATER FACILITY SERVICE MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY PROVIDERS (WSPS)
IN LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES: A STATUS REPORT

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Mat Wilson B. Ramos

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.01.2024.20.24

This study explores the water facility service management of Water Supply Providers (WSPs) in Laguna, Philippines in terms of water accessibility to potable water, water reliability, and water adequacy to meet the Local Water Utilities Administration’s (LWUA) performance standards. The study employed a quantitative research method. A gap analysis was the statistical treatment applied. A total of eleven (11) water supply providers in Laguna were the participants in the study. Findings show that water is not accessible, the water supply is not reliable, and the water is barely adequate to meet concessionaires’ demands. The recommendation includes the following: WSPs must conduct a comprehensive assessment of their current operations and prioritize improving their management of water facility service. WSPs must address substantial gaps in their performance as identified in water accessibility to potable water, water reliability for 24/7 water supply and 10 pounds per square inch (psi) water pressure, and water adequacy to meet the water demand of concessioners.
Pages 20-24
Year 2024
Issue 1
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
October 7, 2024 In Uncategorized

2bdwre2024-38-43

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ABSTRACT

PARAMETERS FOR ASSESSING THE SUBSURFACE WATER BEARING STRATA

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE) Author: Warith Adewale Adebisi and Saminu Olatunji This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.02.2024.38.43

Assessing the subsurface water-bearing strata is a critical task for ensuring efficient water resources management because the worth of underground water cannot be overemphasized. A clear knowledge of its occurrence and characteristics is imperative for resourceful exploitations of natural resources (groundwater). The features of the rocks hosting the underground water in the subsurface, i.e. Aquifer, were treated. Water-bearing layers are classified into aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude and aquifuge. An aquifer is categorized into unconfined, confined, leaky aquifer, perched aquifer and idealized. In addition to the recharge mode, physical parameters that determine the ability of an aquifer to retain and transmit water such as Porosity, Permeability, Transmissivity and Storativity were also discussed. This review also focuses on various techniques used for evaluating the subsurface water-bearing strata. Geophysical methods including the Schlumberger technique of Vertical Electrical Sounding in electrical resistivity and seismic refraction technique were considered as means of assessing the aquifer which provide relative information about the subsurface such as rock type and aquifer zone. Natural and artificial contaminants were finally discussed. This review aims to provide an overview of the various techniques that are suitable for assessing thesubsurface water-bearing strata.
Pages 38-43
Year 2024
Issue 2
Volume 5
Posted by Basem
October 2, 2024 In Uncategorized

2bdwre2024-30-37

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ABSTRACT

A TREND ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL IN KHULNA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

Journal: Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE)

Author: Md. Sarwar Jahan, Afifa Tamim, Sanjida Akter Nishita and S.M. Abdullah Al Mamun

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/bdwre.02.2024.30.37

Bangladesh, despite having a subtropical monsoon climate characterized by a waterless winter and warm summer, is one of the peak susceptible countries to climate change. Recently, climate change has garnered significant attention from academics, researchers, and policymakers globally. This study examines the trends in annual as well as monthly rainfall in the Khulna district of Bangladesh over a 20-year period (2003-2022). The aim is to provide current insights into weather patterns, particularly rainfall, in the Khulna district. Secondary data on rainfall were obtained from the Regional Inspection Center (RIC), Bangladesh Meteorological Department in Gallamari, Khulna. Descriptive statistics i.e., mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were estimated to describe the annual and monthly distribution of rainfall. Trend analyses were conducted using bivariate analysis, and simple regression was engaged to assess the relationship between years with rainfall data. The results revealed that monthly rainfall did not follow a consistent pattern, with both increasing and declining trends were detected over the years. When annual rainfall was plotted against years, a negative relationship was identified (y= -12.877x + 27742, R2 = 0.0489). Similarly, mean monthly rainfall showed a declining trend over time (y= -1.0731x + 2311.9, R2 = 0.0489). However, these relationships were not statistically significant. The study underscores the need to implement various adaptation strategies to ensure sustainable agricultural production in the Khulna region. It also suggests the necessity of enhanced monitoring methods due to the instability of temperature and rainfall patterns.
Pages 30-37
Year 2024
Issue 2
Volume 5
Posted by Basem